The Climate Risk Sourcebook (CR‐SB) delivers a conceptual framework for a comprehensive Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) together with modular instructions, divided in eight modules, on how it can be conducted (see figure below). It can be used:
Impact chains represent a core element of the methodology of the Climate Risk Sourcebook. Some concrete examples of impact chains are displayed and discussed in the Sourcebook (from page 19). This page provides additional examples of impact chains serving as an inspiration when creating impact chains in a Climate Risk Assessment.
The IPCC’s sixth assessment report identified 120 key risks across sectors and regions (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/chapter/chapter-16/). Below is a selection of those key risks represented in the form of impact chains using only the information in the IPCC report. The impact chains are presented by sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for the biodiversity sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for the water sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for the agricultural sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for the energy sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for the infrastructure sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for the health sector.
Click “Show All” to display concrete examples of impact chains for livelihoods.
Climate Risk Assessment for mountainous communities of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan
Elaboration of future climate scenarios and the analysis of climate risk based on the Impact Chain methodology in the target areas of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to support UNEP’s “Vanishing Treasures” Programme aiming to generate maximum synergy between climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation.
Country Tajikistan; Kyrgyzstan Duration 1.12.2020 – 29.04.2022 |  |
Mountain species that are already endangered are additionally threatened by Climate Change. UNEP’s ‘Vanishing Treasures’ Programme supports climate change adaptation of vulnerable species in mountain regions such as in Hindu-Kush Himalayas (Bhutan), in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) and in Virunga region (Rwanda and Uganda). In order to generate synergy between climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation it is necessary to understand current and future potential risks of climate change to local communities living in close proximity to these species and their habitats. By understanding key climate risks and potential human-wildlife conflicts climate-smart measure can be integrated into conservation planning.
Future climate scenarios and climate risk assessments were elaborated in selected project regions and communities of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to provide the Programme with the needed information to plan specific measures.
The assessment built upon the Impact Chain analytical approach of the Vulnerability Sourcebook Risk Supplement (https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GIZ-2017_Risk-Supplement-to-the-Vulnerability-Sourcebook.pdf). To apply this analytical approach and assess each of the risk components and the overall risk, quantitative data analyses (climate scenarios, climate indices and extremes, snow cover, glacier extent) were combined with qualitative information collected through participatory methods (workshops with experts, community consultations) and secondary sources. While the climate analysis refers to national and project region levels, the assessment of climate risks focuses on the specific communities, where community consultations and field visits took place, and for which a better understanding of climate impacts and vulnerability factors could be obtained.
For the visited communities in Tajikistan, the main climate risk identified and assessed refers to the risk of loss of livelihoods for livestock owners due to drought impact on pasture, and missing irrigation water for fodder and food production. For the visited communities in Kyrgyzstan, the main climate risk identified and assessed refers to the risk of loss of livelihoods for livestock owners due to drought impact on pasture, missing irrigation water for fodder and food production, and heat-exacerbated animal disease. The absence of water governance destroyed water irrigation channels and lack of investments in infrastructure development have been identified as major vulnerability factors and are currently the drivers of a mainly human-induced water stress in the visited communities of the two countries.
Impact chains were developed together with stakeholders for three key risks. See for example the impact chain “Risk of loss of livelihoods (income, subsistence) for livestock owners due to drought impact on pasture, missing irrigation water for fodder and food production and heat exacerbated animal disease” below.
Comprehensive risk assessment tables were developed for every key risk and for each project site (community level). Below is an example of such a table for the Risk of loss of livelihoods (income, subsistence) for livestock owners in Ghudara village, Tajikistan.
Climate Risk Assessment for mountainous communities of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Elaboration of future climate scenarios and the analysis of climate risk based on the Impact Chain methodology in the target areas of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to support UNEP’s “Vanishing Treasures” Programme aiming to generate maximum synergy between climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation.
Country Tajikistan; Kyrgyzstan Duration 1.12.2020 – 29.04.2022 | |
Mountain species that are already endangered are additionally threatened by Climate Change. UNEP’s ‘Vanishing Treasures’ Programme supports climate change adaptation of vulnerable species in mountain regions such as in Hindu-Kush Himalayas (Bhutan), in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) and in Virunga region (Rwanda and Uganda). In order to generate synergy between climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation it is necessary to understand current and future potential risks of climate change to local communities living in close proximity to these species and their habitats. By understanding key climate risks and potential human-wildlife conflicts climate-smart measure can be integrated into conservation planning.
Future climate scenarios and climate risk assessments were elaborated in selected project regions and communities of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan to provide the Programme with the needed information to plan specific measures.
The assessment built upon the Impact Chain analytical approach of the Vulnerability Sourcebook Risk Supplement (https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GIZ-2017_Risk-Supplement-to-the-Vulnerability-Sourcebook.pdf). To apply this analytical approach and assess each of the risk components and the overall risk, quantitative data analyses (climate scenarios, climate indices and extremes, snow cover, glacier extent) were combined with qualitative information collected through participatory methods (workshops with experts, community consultations) and secondary sources. While the climate analysis refers to national and project region levels, the assessment of climate risks focuses on the specific communities, where community consultations and field visits took place, and for which a better understanding of climate impacts and vulnerability factors could be obtained.
For the visited communities in Tajikistan, the main climate risk identified and assessed refers to the risk of loss of livelihoods for livestock owners due to drought impact on pasture, and missing irrigation water for fodder and food production. For the visited communities in Kyrgyzstan, the main climate risk identified and assessed refers to the risk of loss of livelihoods for livestock owners due to drought impact on pasture, missing irrigation water for fodder and food production, and heat-exacerbated animal disease. The absence of water governance destroyed water irrigation channels and lack of investments in infrastructure development have been identified as major vulnerability factors and are currently the drivers of a mainly human-induced water stress in the visited communities of the two countries.
Impact chains were developed together with stakeholders for three key risks. See for example the impact chain “Risk of loss of livelihoods (income, subsistence) for livestock owners due to drought impact on pasture, missing irrigation water for fodder and food production and heat exacerbated animal disease” below.
Comprehensive risk assessment tables were developed for every key risk and for each project site (community level). Below is an example of such a table for the Risk of loss of livelihoods (income, subsistence) for livestock owners in Ghudara village, Tajikistan.
Climate Risk Assessment in the Sebou Catchment, Morocco – a first pilot study of the new Climate Risk Sourcebook.
Test and application of the approaches of the new Climate Risk Sourcebook in the framework of Moroccan-German project “Rural Resilience – Water Resources Management for Poverty Reduction and Resilience Building” (RR) (Project-Nr., 2018.2115.6). The focus was on building impact chains for key risks and supporting the selection of adaptation options.
Country Morocco Duration 24.01.2023 – 24.07.2023 |
This study was carried out within the scope of the GIZ project Résilience Rural (RR), which has the overall objective to strengthen the resilience of smallholder farmers in Morocco. The study looks particularly into the climate risks related to water scarcity and prepared the ground for feasible options to adapt to related pressures of the current and possible also future challenges. The geographical extent of this study is set by the Sebou River catchment in the northern part of Morocco. It strongly builds on the findings of the three intervention areas of the RR project in this region, namely Aït Hsaine Ouhaned, Aït Saïd Ouhaddou and Ouled Slimane. The study’s objective is both to support the RR project in their climate risk analysis as well as in the identification of feasible adaptation options and to present a pilot study for the online version of the new Climate Risk Sourcebook (CR-SB).
Results were based on findings from the RR project including the collection of available information on climatic and non-climatic risk drivers within the region. Initial impact chains, that have been developed within local workshops were refined and reviewed by GIZ with the help of experts from Eurac Research. Further input on climate risks in the Sebou catchment have been collected during a field stay, a 5-day consultation with local GIZ experts and a full day workshop in Rabat with participants from different departments and NGOs.
The assessment was following the new Sourcebook with its new modules. The focus was on scoping, risk identification and risk analysis with impact chains for the current and near-term period. Furthermore, the module “Towards adaptation” was tested.
Key risks to three subsystems where assessed:
The main climate-induced water-related risk concerning smallholder farmers is a reduced quantity of water available for agricultural activities. The risk of reduced water availability in the Sebou catchment is based on the two major aspects of water supply and water demand. The water supply is mainly influenced by rising evapotranspiration losses with the consequence of reduced surface water and slowing groundwater replenishing processes. The water demand in agriculture in the catchment is strongly linked to the extension of irrigated agricultural areas. The reduced water supply combined with the increase in water demand leads to growing water stress in the region evident by drying springs and vanishing surface water in most time of the year. A severe consequence of this situation is an intensification of groundwater withdrawal for agricultural activities resulting in lowered groundwater tables, reported to be sinking by up to several meters a year.
With less water available for irrigation in agriculture, crops get exposed to more stress, which leads to less yield and a reduced quality of it. Another factor that exerts stress on yield are extreme precipitation events like hailstorm that damage the crop or can even immediately cause yield losses. On the one hand reduced yield causes for small holder farmers a key impact of a loss of income as they can sell less crops on the market. In the absence of resilience mechanisms, the population is beginning to abandon the traditional way of life and many young people are leaving the area.
Besides droughts, non-climatic drivers such as the extension of agriculture land through deforestation or grazing in forests are putting pressure on forest ecosystems. A degrading forest facilitates soil erosion, which is also likely to occur more often due to the increase of extreme rain events. This leads to the loss of biodiversity in the forest and associated with this also the loss of non-timber forest products.
Impact chains were developed and refined based on input form the project, consultation with GIZ experts, a field stay and workshop. Impact chains were developed for each subsystem (water, agriculture, forest and grassland ecosystems) separately. Finally, one overall impact chain with a focus on the interlinkages between the systems was developed (see Figure 1)
Applying the new module “Towards adaptation” and taking the identified key risks and the risk mechanisms (impact chains) into account, a series of adaptation options was identified:
For the system water & agriculture:
| Vulnerability factor | Measure | Description | Impact addressed |
| Lack of coordination, monitoring and controlling of water usage/management | Establishment of a ‘water police’
| Intended to monitor withdrawals from water sources to prevent excessive, illegal pumping. This reduces the illegal emptying of groundwater reservoirs
| Increase of groundwater usage due to drilling intensification |
Sectoral conflicting objectives, lack of coordination, monitoring and controlling of water usage/management | Establishment of associations of Agricultural Water Users
| Better coordination of farmers’ water needs, strengthen voice and resilience of individual farmers | Reduced access to water |
Lack of coordination, monitoring and controlling of water usage/management, lacking sewage treatment plant | Re-use of wastewater | Reduces dependence on rain/groundwater – can ensure irrigation during dry periods
| Less water for irrigation |
| Sectoral conflicting objectives | Capacity building | Intended to increase the ability to coordinate different objectives of water usage | Partially/reduced access to water & rising costs in groundwater access |
| Increase in private wells | Awareness raising: groundwater as common resource | Respecting the general good. Reduction of individual well development | Increase of groundwater usage due to drilling intensification |
For the system ecosystem & biodiversity:
Vulnerability factor | Measure | Description | Impact addressed |
Non-appropriate trees (e.g. eucalyptus) | Using appropriate tree species (capacity building contributes to this) | Less water intensive species -> less water consumption | Reduced forest (re)generation |
Overgrazing in forest | Job creation/reduction of poverty | Alternative incomes outside agriculture -> farmers no longer have to overuse/overgraze pastures to have sufficient income -> Forest able to regenerate
| Reduced forest (re)generation |
Extension of agricultural areas (e.g. cannabis cultivation or burning down of forest for farmland) | Forest protection | Establishing protected areas with limited human presence or exploitation of natural resources | Reduced forest (re)generation |
Lack of awareness of value of forest | Awareness raising for the forest ecosystem services | Capacity building highlights the importance of forest ecosystem services -> appreciation and consideration for natural processes increase | Reduced forest (re)generation & loss of forest ecosystems |
Programme de Renforcement des conditions et Capacités d’adaptation durable au Changement Climatique/ Programme d’appui au gestion d`environnement (PRCCC/PAGE)
Programme to Strengthen Conditions and Capacities for Sustainable Adaptation to Climate Change/ Environmental Management Support Programm .
The overall objective was to identify climate related risks and to development context-specific adaptation solutions.
Country Madagascar Regions Analamanga, Boeny and Diana Duration 01.2022-05.2022 (excluding May) |  |
The intensifying impacts of climate change in Madagascar threaten the livelihoods of local communities and the well-being of natural ecosystems. Since the negative impacts of climate change are already present in Madagascar and will further intensify over the upcoming decades it is a priority for Madagascar´s government to take the necessary adaptation measures for local adaptation planning. Within each region, Boeny, Diana and Anamalanga, a comprehensive risk assessment was conducted across various sectors including agriculture and livestock, water supply and sanitation, forest and biodiversity. In Analamanga, a specific assessment of infrastructure including the city of Antananarivo was undertaken, whereas in Boeny and Diana, the project extended its scope to encompass coastal areas and fisheries.
The risk assessment was conducted by Madagascar´s National Environmental Agency (ONE), based on the results of the previous assessment implemented by adelphi consultant GmbH. The procedure and methodology was oriented according to the Climate Vulnerability Sourcebook. The approach of using impact chains as explained in the Climate Vulnerability Sourcebook had the advantage of illustrating the complex inter-relations between hazards, exposure, vulnerabilities, and risks. To provide tailor-made solutions for the target region an adapted version to the Malagasy context was developed and used. Adaptation measures for each region and for the municipal level were identified. The method combined quantitative and qualitive data such as climate scenarios, climate indices and extremes on the one hand and workshops with experts, community consultations and field visits on the other hand.
Here we exemplary present the results of the forest and biodiversity sector in the Diana region.
The increase in duration of strong winds caused by trade winds (varatraza) and cyclones is the main climatic threat to the Diana region. Combined with changes in precipitation and increasing temperatures, these hazards have an adverse impact on biodiversity of the region. The main risks posed by these climatic hazards are:
Climate‐related hazards include any type of extreme weather events (e.g. heatwaves, droughts, extreme precipitation events, storms) as well as climate‐related slow‐onset processes (e.g. increasing temperatures, increasing aridity, acidification, glacier melt or sea‐level rise) that are triggering adverse consequences for human or ecological systems (see also https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/climate-risk-assessment-management/climate-risk-sourcebook/conceptual-framework).
Hazard category | Climate-related hazard factor |
|---|---|
Heat and cold | Increase in average temperatures |
Heat and cold | Decrease in average temperatures |
Heat and cold | Increase in heatwaves |
Heat and cold | Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme heat events |
Heat and cold | Increase of concentration mixture of extreme heat + humidity |
Heat and cold | Increase in cold spells (no. of cold days) |
Heat and cold | Increase in frost events (no. of frost days) |
Heat and cold | Increase in heating degree days |
Heat and cold | Increase in cooling degree days |
Heat and cold | Vegetation growing degree days |
Wet and dry | Increase in average precipitation |
Wet and dry | Decrease in average precipitation |
Wet and dry | Change in precipitation patterns/variability |
Wet and dry | Increase in dry days (no. of days) |
Wet and dry | Increase in number of consecutive dry days |
Wet and dry | Increase in extreme rainfall events (no. of days with heavy rain) |
Wet and dry | Increase in frequency of extreme precipitation |
Wet and dry | Increase in hailstorms |
Wet and dry | Increase in drought events |
Wet and dry | Increasingly erratic rainfall |
Wet and dry | Lower annual mean river flows |
Wet and dry | Higher river flows |
Wet and dry | River floods |
Wet and dry | Increased in flood events |
Wet and dry | Increase in humidity |
Wet and dry | Inreasing intensity of fire weather |
Wet and dry | Long fire season |
Snow/ice | Decrease in solid precipitation (snow) |
Snow/ice | Decrease in snow cover (+ less melt water) |
Snow/ice | Increase in heavy snowfall events |
Snow/ice | Increase in snow storms |
Snow/ice | Accelerated melting of glaciers |
Snow/ice | Increasing permafrost thawing |
Wind & Storm | Increase in strong winds |
Wind & Storm | Increase in tropical cyclones/hurricanes |
Wind & Storm | Increase in tornadoes |
Coastal/Oceanic | Rising sea levels |
Coastal/Oceanic | Increasing ocean acidification |
Coastal/Oceanic | Increase in sea surface temperature |
Coastal/Oceanic | Increase in ocean heatwaves |
Coastal/Oceanic | Increase in storm surge events |
Vulnerability is the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected and includes all relevant environmental, physical, technical, social, cultural, economic, institutional, or policy‐related factors. These contribute to and encompass a variety of concepts and elements, including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm, and/or lack of capacity to prevent, prepare, respond, cope and/or adapt (see also https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/climate-risk-assessment-management/climate-risk-sourcebook/conceptual-framework).
Vulnerability category | Vulnerability factor |
|---|---|
Environmental | Steep slopes |
Environmental | High drought sensitivity of crops |
Environmental | Overgrazing |
Environmental | Degredation of ecosystem services and functions |
Environmental | Increasing number of livestock |
Environmental | High vulnerability of freshwater faunae |
Environmental | Urban heat islands |
Environmental | Slow penetration and increasing cost of air conditioning |
Environmental | Encroachment of urban areas into areas that retain water |
Environmental | Increased concentrations of coastal urban population |
Environmental | Insecticide resistance |
Environmental | Unsuitable crop varieties |
Environmental | High disease prevalence |
Environmental | High prevalence of pests |
Environmental | High prevalence of weeds |
Environmental | High prevalence of land degradation |
Environmental | High rates of deforestation |
Environmental | Frequent bushfires |
Environmental | Unfavourable soil conditions |
Environmental | Water scarce area |
Environmental | Poor access to drinking water (increased time and travel) |
Environmental | No alternative access to freshwater resources |
Environmental | Major component of local diet |
Environmental | Reliance on rainfed agriculture |
Environmental | High reliance on single sources of energy production |
Environmental | Insufficient options for food supply from outside the region |
Environmental | Lack of alternative energy supplies or battery storage |
Environmental | Insufficient protection of the transport infrastructure |
Environmental | Dependency on a single crop type |
Environmental | Crop is highly susceptible to pests |
Environmental | Crop is highly susceptible to diseases |
Environmental | Animal/breed is highly susceptible to pests |
Environmental | Animal/breed is highly susceptible to diseases |
Environmental | Inappropriate river system management |
Environmental | Underpreparedness of fisheries for geographic shifts in marine animals |
Environmental | Poor efficiency of farming |
Environmental | Demographic pressure on land |
Environmental | Small farm size |
Environmental | Dependency on groundwater |
Environmental | Unsustainable natural resource use |
Environmental | Lack of production alternatives |
Environmental | Poor drainage |
Environmental | Soil degredation |
Environmental | Insufficient energy transmission infrastructure |
Environmental | Aging forest stand |
Environmental | Channeled river |
Environmental | Soil erosion |
Environmental | Increased nutrients from fertilizers |
Environmental | Absence of river buffer zones |
Environmental | River water abstractions |
Environmental | Inadequate storage capacity |
Environmental | Inadequate storage infrastructure |
Environmental | Intensive tillage |
Environmental | Lack of diversification in water resources |
Environmental | High irrigation requirement |
Environmental | Use of water intensive varieties |
Environmental | Lack of flood protection infrastructure |
Environmental | Lack of maintenance of protective infrastructure |
Environmental | High reliance on hydropower for national electricity generation |
Environmental | Lack of irrigation infrastructure |
Environmental | Inappropriate irrigation infrastructure |
Environmental | Lack of road infrastructure |
Environmental | Lack of access to agricultural inputs |
Environmental | Lack of access to improved crop varieties |
Environmental | Lack of access to improved livestock breeds |
Environmental | Habitat fragmentation |
Environmental | Air and water pollution |
Environmental | Competition from invasive species |
Environmental | Species have evolved in very specific climate conditions |
Environmental | Species and plants with limited dispersal capabilities |
Environmental | Inappropriate pasture management |
Environmental | Conflict prone area |
Environmental | Predominantly small-scale subsistence farming |
Environmental | Unsustainable agricultural practices |
Environmental | Poor water use efficiency and management |
Environmental | Poor efficiency of farming |
Environmental | Reliance of farming community on manual agricultural labour |
Environmental | Reliance of farming community on livestock, particularly cattle |
Environmental | Limited uptake of modern technologies |
Environmental | Inadequate housing and occupations with exposure to heat |
Environmental | Weak land tenure and property rights |
Environmental | Forced migration into cities (heat stress in urban areas) |
Environmental | Inappropriate management of riverbeds and mudflow channels |
Environmental | Low ability to manage, store and supply fresh water |
Environmental | Inefficient reservoir management |
Environmental | Small-scale food production |
Social | Lack of access to a financial safety net (credit, financial savings, insurance, remittance, etc.) |
Social | Lack of options for alternative incomes |
Social | Inability to interpret climate information |
Social | Deficits in risk communication |
Social | Lack of appropriate information |
Social | Lack of implementation of hazard-resistent building codes |
Social | Lack of social networks |
Social | Inequal treatment of women workers |
Social | High poverty levels |
Social | Poor hygiene conditions |
Social | Weak land tenure and access rights for women |
Social | Inappropriate governance or inadequate planning and implementation of water infrastructure |
Social | Poor governance |
Social | Poor sanitation governance |
Social | Inadequate improvements in public health systems |
Social | Poor state support |
Social | Inconsistencies in policy implementation |
Social | Missing hazard zone planning |
Social | Lack of access to early warning systems |
Social | Inadequate climate information services |
Social | Uncertainties in future regional climate projections and low confidence in decision making |
Social | Insufficient institutional support for adaptation and recovery, particularly for severe infrequent events |
Social | Poor health |
Social | Pre-existing health conditions exacerbated by exposure to smoke |
Social | Lack of access to health facilities |
Social | Unequal opportunities for women |
Social | Low access to credit for women farmers |
Social | Lack of knowledge on processing/value addition |
Social | High illiteracy rates |
Social | Low level of education |
Social | Lack of access to education |
Social | Inadequate agri research and development |
Social | Lack of experience with extreme events and slow-onset processes |
Social | Lack of implementation of risk and emergency planning |
Social | Low perception of own risk |
Social | Lack of land use planning |
Social | Lack of willingness to relocate from flood-prone areas |
Social | Lack of measures for flood protection and response on community level |
Economic | Food insecurity already high |
Economic | Limited trade and transport of food |
Economic | Little investment in drainage solutions |
Economic | Unstable commodity prices |
Economic | Shortage of labour |
Economic | Low access to markets |
Economic | Low access to credit |
Economic | High interest rates |
Economic | Barriers to trade |
Economic | Lack of access to market information |
Economic | Low access to agricultural extension services |
Economic | Lack of access to processing equipment |
Economic | Unstable commodity prices |
Economic | Producers with marginal assets |
Economic | Reliance on aquatic products and tourism for livelihoods |
Economic | Dependency on fisheries for income and nutrition |
Exposure describes first who or what is exposed. According to the IPCC, exposure is the presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected (see also https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/climate-risk-assessment-management/climate-risk-sourcebook/conceptual-framework).
Exposure category | Exposure factor |
|---|---|
Ecosystems | Plant and animal species |
Ecosystems | Tropical forests |
Ecosystems | Arctic tundra |
Ecosystems | Southern tundra |
Ecosystems | Increase of concentration mixture of extreme heat + humidity |
Ecosystems | Coral reef ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Fish |
Ecosystems | Forests |
Ecosystems | Shrublands |
Ecosystems | Wetlands |
Ecosystems | Marine ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Terrestrial ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Freshwater ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Polar regions |
Ecosystems | Mountain regions |
Ecosystems | Mangrove forests |
Ecosystems | Seagrass meadows |
Ecosystems | Alpine ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Alpine species |
Ecosystems | Alpine woodland |
Ecosystems | Kelp forests |
Ecosystems | Sea ice habitats |
Ecosystems | Nearshore ecosystems |
Ecosystems | River ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Estuarine ecosystems |
Ecosystems | Mid- to low- elevation forests |
Ecosystems | Grasslands |
People | Population |
People | Populations living in fire-prone areas |
People | Population in coastal regions |
People | Populations living in areas prone to reduced water availability |
People | Populations living in flood plains |
People | Populations with strong cultural identity links to water, snow and ice conditions |
People | Populations living in urban areas |
People | Farmers |
People | Manual labourers |
People | Outdoor workers |
People | Populations in climate hotspots |
People | Aquafarmers |
People | Subsistence hunters and fishers |
People | Communities in areas with permafrost |
People | Built-upareas |
Infrastructure | Infrastructure in coastal regions |
Infrastructure | Energy infrastructure |
Infrastructure | Urban infrastructure |
Infrastructure | Buildings |
Infrastructure | Transport infrastructure |
Infrastructure | Water infrastructure |
Infrastructure | Agricultural infrastructure |
Infrastructure | Electricity infrastructure |
Infrastructure | Health infrastructure |
Cultural heritage | Cultural heritage sites |
Cultural heritage | Cultural values |
Services | Food system |
Economy | Coastal fishery area |
Economy | Agricultural land |
Economy | Crop land |
Economy | Livestock |
Economy | Tourism providers |
Economy | Touristic infrastructure |
Economy | Companies |
Economy | Operating sites |
The table below lists some additional resources that are useful when conducting a climate risk assessment.
| Ressource name | Theme | Sector | Type | Area | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A gender-responsive approach to climate-smart agriculture: Evidence and guidance for practitioners | Adaptation, Gender | Agriculture | Guideline | "This practice brief explains how to take into account the gender gap in agriculture in the development of site-specific climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices through the adoption of a gender-responsive approach. Criteria are given to assist in determining whether a gender-responsive approach has been used in the implementation of CSA practices. | Link | |
| Adaptation Community Platform | Adaptation | Guideline | Adaptationcommunity.net provides information on applying approaches, methods and tools that facilitate the planning and implementation of adaptation action. Information, online sessions and trainings are offered on nine topics comprising: climate services, comprehensive climate risk management, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process, mainstreaming of adaptation, ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), agroecology, climate change and migration, private sector adaptation and monitoring and evaluation. | Link | ||
| Adaptation Framework Tool | Adaptation | Agriculture | Tool | Africa | This framework enables project designers to assess cost-benefit, climate risk, farmer capacity, mitigation benefits and biodiversity using a multi-criteria analysis system. The system then selects the most effective adaptation measures by analysing climate change risks and impacts. The results produced by the framework then give a rationale directed at mobilising climate finance. | Link |
| Africa RiskView | Risk | Agriculture, Food security | Tool | Africa | Africa RiskView was developed to translate globally-available rainfall data, crop parameters and livelihood information into food security outlooks. It calculates the cost of aid responses to improve financial planning and resource allocation. It also provides a technical support package for a potential pan-African Disaster Risk Pool, allowing participating countries to immediately access funds when faced with an extreme climatic event. | Link |
| Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) | Impact | Agriculture | Tool | Global | Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) harmonises analyses of agricultural systems at the local to global scales and looks at current and future impacts. It provides new methods for integrating stakeholder-informed scenarios into global and regional assessments of current and future agriculture and food systems. | Link |
| Agriculture Adaptation Atlas | Adaptation | Agriculture | Tool | Africa | The Agriculture Adaptation Atlas provides the user with information on climate risk levels (outputs are available as maps, charts and tables) for three time periods (baseline, 2030 and 2050) and associated solutions. The tool gives summary statistics for different spatial units (smallest is country level). In addition, geospatial data can be downloaded for hazards, exposure, adaptive capacity and solutions (i.e. adaptation options). | Link |
| AQUASTAT | Vulnerability | Water | Data | Africa, Asia, Caribbean, Latin America | AQUASTAT allows users to access country statistics on water resources, water uses and agricultural water management. Other complementary databases available include irrigated crop calendars, sub-national irrigation areas databases, a database on dams and reservoirs and a water and agriculture- related institutions database. | Link |
| Aqueduct | Impact | Water | Data, Tool | Global | Aqueduct is a tool for mapping current and future water related risks such as floods, droughts and stress. It enables decision-makers to compare national and subnational water risk, and to identify current and future water risk to agriculture and food security. | Link |
| Caribbean Climate Online Risk and Adaptation tool (CCORAL) | Risk | Tool | Caribbean | Caribbean Climate Online Risk and Adaptation tool (CCORAL) is an online risk management toolbox with tools covering vulnerability assessment, risk assessment, adaptation option identification/appraisal, monitoring and evaluation, and awareness-raising. The risk screening tool allows the user to rapidly assess a project, plan or policy for climate-influence. | Link | |
| Catalogue of Drought Hazard and Risk Tools | Impact | Data, Guideline, Tool | Global | The Drought Catalogue is an online catalogue of the majority of worldwide available drought hazard risk tools, including drought indices and datasets and software products. A document is provided to guide policy makers, project managers, and professionals in assessing drought hazards and risks. | Link | |
| CGIAR CSA Guide | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline | Global | The website introduces the climate-smart agriculture (CSA) approach to food security and sustainable development and provides guidance on how to implement mitigation and adaptation initiatives. | Link |
| Checklist: Gender-inclusive actionable agro-advisories | Adaptation, Gender | Agriculture | Guideline | This checklist assists in developing agro-advisories (forecast and forecast-based advice) that are gender-inclusive and useful for both men and women farmers. It presents five indicators to determine the actionability of such agro-advisories: i) What information is available?; ii) If it is available, is it accessible? iii) If available and accessible, is it on time? iv) If available, accessible, and on time, can end-users understand it? v) If available, accessible, timely, and understandable, is it useful? | Link | |
| Climate Adaptation in Rural Development (CARD) Assessment Tool | Risk | Agriculture | Tool | Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, Central Asia, China and Mongolia, Eastern Europe, Mainland Asia, Middle East, Pacific, South America | The Climate Adaptation in Rural Development (CARD) Assessment Tool provides a platform for examining how climate change is affecting and is likely to affect the yields of 17 key crops across the 11 IFAD regions through to 2050. The tool is designed to provide quantitative data concerning climate risks faced by agricultural and rural development investments and strategies including economic and financial analyses. | Link |
| Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools | Risk | Agriculture | Tool | The World Bank’s Climate and Disaster Risk Screening Tools - Agriculture Projects screens agricultural projects for risks from climate variability and change, as well as geophysical disasters. The Rapid and In-Depth Screening Tools provide a systematic way to undertake due diligence and flag potential risks for projects in the agricultural sector. The tools guides the user via a step-by-step approach to identify potential risks at an early stage of project design. | Link | |
| Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability | Adaptation, Impact, Vulnerability | Publication | Global | Chapters 9 to 15 of Working Group II's contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report assesses climate change impacts, risks, vulnerability and the enabling environments, barriers and options for adaptation and climate resilient development per macro region. | Link | |
| Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) | Climate Data | Data | Global | The Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) is the hub for climate-related information, data, and tools for the World Bank Group. It provides global data on historic and future climate impacts and vulnerabilities as well as disaster risks, and socio-economic factors. The data can be explored via national, sub-national and watershed views. The data is also synthesised in easily accessible Climate Risk Country Profiles which describe sector specific climate change impacts. | Link | |
| Climate Change Profiles | Adaptation, Vulnerability | Data | Bangladesh, Benin, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East African Great Lakes and Ruzizi Plain, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, West African Sahel, Yemen | The profiles provide information on countries' vulnerabilities to climate change, their policies and commitments in place, and the climate change interventions which are financed with international assistance. The profiles aim to assist with incorporating climate actions into development cooperation policies and activities. | Link | |
| Climate change risk assessments in value chain projects | Gender, Risk | Agriculture | Guideline | This document provides a means for introducing climate risk analysis into the design phase of a value chain project. It follows 5 key steps: 1. identifying the value chain; 2. identifying key climate risks along the chain; 3. choosing effective mitigation measures; 4. targeting the people most vulnerable to risk; and, 5. reaching scale. | Link | |
| Climate risk analyses in Southern and Central Africa | Risk | Agriculture | Publication | Southern and Central Africa | A series of eight climate risk analysis reports covering countries in Southern and Central Africa namely, Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The reports identify staple crops grown in each country and the suitability of the crops with projected changes in rainfall and temperature through to 2050. The reports focus on crops grown by subsistence farmers and make climate change projections at a provincial production level. | Link |
| Climate risk assessment for ecosystem-based adaptation – a guidebook for planners and practitioners | Risk | Natural environment | Guideline | This guidebook assists planners and practitioners in designing and implementing climate risk assessments in the context of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) projects. It provides a standardised approach to assess climate risks within social-ecological systems based on two application examples (river basin and coastal zone management). | Link | |
| Climate Risk Country Profiles | Risk | Agriculture, Economic, Energy, Health, Natural environment, Water | Data | The Climate Risk Country Profiles provide a high-level assessment of climate risks for countries globally. They inform decision-makers of the potential for increasing and emerging risks in accordance with different climate futures. The profiles describe climate change impacts to key sectors such as agriculture, energy and health. | Link | |
| Climate Risk Planning and Managing Tool for Development Programmes in Agri-food systems | Adaptation, Impact, Risk, Vulnerability | Agriculture | Tool | Africa, America, Asia | CRISP is an interactive tool that supports the user to mainstream climate risk considerations into a project design and implementation. It specifically addresses project managers and practitioners in agriculture, rural development and food and nutrition security projects | Link |
| Climate Risk Screening and Management Tools | Risk | Agriculture, Economy, Health, Infrastructure, Natural environment, Water | Tool | The USAID website provides climate risk screening and management tools for application during the design phase of strategies, projects and activities. It includes an 'agriculture annex' which gives examples of climate risks, adaptive capacity, opportunities and management options. | Link | |
| Climate-smart agriculture investment plan development guide: From concept to action | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline | This guide assists the user in developing a climate-smart agriculture investment plan (CSAIP). The process involves a situation analysis, the prioritisation of potential CSA investments, and the identification of means for implementing and monitoring project investments. Stakeholder engagement and capacity development are key components of the process. The result is a set of evidence-based and context appropriate interventions for investors to consider. | Link | |
| Climate-Smart Agriculture Rapid Appraisal (CSA-RA) Tool | Adaptation, Gender | Agriculture | Tool | "The Climate-Smart Agriculture Rapid Appraisal (CSA-RA) tool provides a means for assessment of opportunities and key barriers to climate-smart agriculture adoption across landscapes by collecting gender-disaggregated data, perceptions of climate variability and resource and labour allocation, | Link | |
| Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline | Global | The Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) Sourcebook provides information on the concept of CSA to guide policy makers, programme managers, sectoral experts, academics, extensionists, and practitioners in making agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry) more sustainable and productive, whilst simultaneously responding to climate-related challenges. | Link |
| Climate, Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction Integration Guidance (CEDRIG) | Risk | Tool | Climate, Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction Integration Guidance (CEDRIG) is an open-access online tool integrating climate, environment and disaster risk reduction (DRR) to assess climate risks and/or impacts of projects, plans or programmes. CEDRIG uses an integrated approach to assess the risks for, and the unintended potential negative impacts of, a new strategy, programme or project. It provides three different types of assessment - 'light' for rapid risk and impact screening, and 'strategic' and 'operational' assessments for a detailed approach and integration into existing or planned strategies or programmes. | Link | ||
| Conservation Agriculture | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline | Global | This website explains the concept of conservation agriculture, its benefits, how to implement it, case studies describing its application and links to further resources. | Link |
| Conservation Standards | Risk | Natural environment | Guideline | Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation provides a set of best practices for the implementation of conservation projects. The latest version, version 4.0, released in 2020, addresses climate change considerations in more detail, with new tools developed for adaptation. | Link | |
| Copernicus Climate Data Store | Climate Data | Data | Global | The Copernicus Climate Data Store provides global climate reanalysis data (1950 to present) which is hourly and monthly averaged, seasonal forecasts, climate projections, and observational data, amongst others. Datasets can be searched temporally (future, past or present) and by sector. | Link | |
| Cost-benefit analysis of prioritized climate-smart agricultural practices among smallholder farmers: evidence from selected value chains across Sub-Saharan Africa | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline, Journal article | Sub-Saharan Africa | This article provides a multi-dimensional framework to assess prioritised climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices adopted by smallholder farmers across different value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa. The economic feasibility of the practices were evaluated using cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The combination of the CSA prioritisation framework and CBA ensures the selection of the most viable and cost-effective CSA practices for resource allocation. | Link |
| CSA-Plan: strategies to put climate-smart agriculture (CSA) into practice | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline | This document provides guidance on implementing climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in agricultural development through the CSA Plan approach. CSA-Plan comprises four key components: (i) situation analysis, (ii) targeting and prioritising, (iii) programme design, and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. Each component involves a variety of approaches to address challenges that obstruct planning and progress. CSA indicators are given to provide an evidence base for decision-making, implementation, and monitoring components. | Link | |
| Economics of climate adaptation (ECA) - Guidebook for practitioners | Risk | Guideline | This document presents a climate risk assessment approach to inform climate adaptation investments. The approach combines risk assessment, adaptation measures and risk transfer and its results allow for the identification of cost-effective climate adaptation measures for a variety of projects and sectors. | Link | ||
| Ecosystem-based adaptation | Adaptation | Agriculture, Forestry, Natural environment | Guideline | This website provides a briefing note series, links to toolkits, additional resources and case studies on ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA). It also provides access to information on over 45 EbA projects located globally. | Link | |
| Ecosystem-based adaptation in agriculture | Adaptation | Agriculture | Guideline | This document introduces the concept of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and gives relevant agricultural practices for climate change related environmental, economic and social impacts. It provides two case studies (Cambodia and Sudan) on EbA application and links to further resources. | Link | |
| Ecosystem-based adaptation in the agriculture sector | Adaptation | Agriculture, Fisheries and aquaculture, Forestry | Guideline | "This document provides key nature-based solutions for adaptation in the food and agricultural sector as given in countries’ nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Best case practices showcasing the solutions can be viewed in presentations and videos here: http://www.fao.org/in-action/kore/news-and-events/news-details/en/c/1052870/ | Link | |
| Effectively targeting climate investments: A methodology for mapping climate–agriculture–gender inequality hotspots | Vulnerability | Agriculture | Guideline | Global | This document provides a methodology for identifying, ranking and mapping climate–agriculture–gender inequality hotspots. Climate–agriculture–gender inequality hotspots are geographical areas where high levels of climate hazards intersect with high levels of women’s participation in agriculture (exposure) and high levels of women’s vulnerability due to prevailing gender inequalities. | Link |
| Evidence for Resilient Agriculture | Adaptation | Agriculture, Energy, Fisheries and aquaculture, Forestry, Water | Data | Africa | The Evidence for Resilient Agriculture (ERA) platform provides data and tools on the performance of agricultural technologies to assist users in making informed decisions. It provides evidence on the effects of changing from one technology to another, looking specifically at productivity, system resilience and climate change mitigation. | Link |
| Gender Inequality Index (GII) | Gender, Vulnerability | Data | Global | The Gender Inequality Index (GII) provides a metric of gender inequality that addresses three key dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market. A high GII value indicates high inequality between women and men. | Link | |
| Green Innovation Centres for the agriculture and food sector | Adaptation, Vulnerability | Agriculture | Publication | Africa, Asia, South East Asia | The series of reports provide climate and vulnerability analyses of Green Innovation Centre (GIC) target commodity value chains. The reports identify climate-related vulnerabilities, hazards, and adaptation options. Climate hazards and crop suitability modelling indicate potential future scenarios under climate change and prioritised adaptation solutions are given. | Link |
| INFORM | Vulnerability | Data | Global | INFORM provides a suite of quantitative, analytical products to support decision-making on humanitarian crises and disasters. The INFORM Risk Index provides risk assessments on a national and sub-national (province, municipality, village) level, giving indicators for hazard, exposure, vulnerability and lack of coping capacity. | Link | |
| IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas | Climate Data | Data | Global | The IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas enables temporal and spatial analyses of trends and changes in key atmospheric and oceanic variables, extreme indices and climatic impact-drivers, as obtained from several global and regional observation and model-simulated datasets used in the IPCC WGI report. Two interfaces are available: a simple interface for the general public, media, teaching and decision-makers and an advanced interface for researchers and practitioners. | Link | |
| IRI/Columbia Climate Data Library | Climate Data | Data | Global | The IRI/Columbia Climate Data Library is an online data repository and analysis tool that allows users to view, analyse and download climate-related data. Present climate conditions can be monitored and analysed using Maproom. Data can be presented in visually interesting formats such as animation. | Link | |
| Modelling System for Agricultural Impacts of Climate Change (MOSAICC) | Impact | Agriculture, Forestry, Water | Tool | This tool provides an interdisciplinary approach to assessing climate change impacts at the national level. Its aim is to expand the knowledge of experts in climate change impacts and assist policy makers in developing informed adaptation strategies and development projects and investments. | Link | |
| NOAA Climate Data Online | Climate Data | Data | Global | NOAA Climate Data Online provides free access to global historic weather and climate data in addition to station history information. | Link | |
| Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) | Vulnerability | Data | Global | The Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) Country Index indicates a country´s vulnerability to climate change and readiness to improve resilience, as well as the ND-Gain, a third index computed by subtracting the vulnerability score from the readiness score. This comprehensive index considers large amounts of data, covering a long time span and has a global extent. It aims to assist governments, businesses and communities to better prioritise investments for a more efficient response to global challenges. | Link | |
| Participatory Assessment of Climate and Disaster Risk (PACDR) | Risk | Tool | The Participatory Assessment of Climate and Disaster Risk (PACDR) tool comprises seven modules which when combined allow users to incorporate climate and disaster risk into the planning of development projects at a community level. The tool combines information from the local community as well as scientific knowledge related to climate change in order to identify context specific risks. It guides the user through the community assessment of both climate and disaster risks and opportunities. The assessment can then inform ongoing or planned projects and programmes and community planning. | Link | ||
| PIEVC Green Protocol — Integrating ecosystem-based adaptation into infrastructure climate risk assessments | Risk | Infrastructure | Guideline | The PIEVC Green Protocol was developed to assist practitioners in understanding the risk of climate change to infrastructure whilst taking into account the wider socio-ecological system. It also addresses the potential impacts on the social-ecological system should infrastructure be disrupted or damaged. | Link | |
| Platform for Agricultural Risk Management (PARM) | Gender, Risk | Agriculture | Publication | Africa | The Platform for Agricultural Risk Management aims to share knowledge and build capacity in agricultural risk management to improve vulnerable rural households' abilities to contribute to better agricultural systems. The documents guide on how to conduct an Agricultural Value Chain Risk Assessment Study (AVC-RAS) at the national level in a gender responsive way. | Link |
| Resilience rating system: A methodology for building and tracking resilience to climate change | Risk | Guideline | The Resilience Rating System provides information to decision-makers, investors, and other stakeholders on the resilience of projects. It gives guidance and criteria to assess the confidence that a project will meet anticipated investment outcomes by assessing whether a project has incorporated climate and disaster risks in its development and means of adaptation. It also rates a project based on its contribution to adaptive development and whether the investments are aligned with increasing climate resilience in the larger scale. | Link | ||
| Risk Information Exchange (RiX) | Risk | Data | Africa, Eastern Europe, Middle East, South America, South Asia, South East Asia | Risk Information Exchange (RiX) aggregates over 600 global and national risk datasets spanning hazard, vulnerability, exposure, and climate change. Key information is geo-tagged and mapped in a visualisation tool. It aims to harmonise risk information to enable risk analyses by governments, the private sector, and other actors for improved decision making and resilience building. | Link | |
| Risk Stress Test Tool | Risk | Tool | The Risk Stress Test (RiST) tool is an Excel-based tool which has been developed to assist with the stress testing analysis described in the methodological note 'Integrating Climate Change and Natural Disasters in the Economic Analysis of Projects: A disaster and climate risk stress methodology'. The tool highlights risks to project outcomes in the long term and identifies risks resulting from changing climate conditions, impacts of natural disasters, and changes in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. | Link | ||
| Synergies and trade-offs between climate change adaptation options and gender equality | Adaptation, Gender | Journal article | This journal article discusses the gender responsiveness of climate change adaptation options. It discusses policy actions and priorities, such as gender-sensitive project design, that can reduce/eliminate some of the trade-offs that adaptation can have on gender equality. It provides policy and action priorities for adaptation projects to improve gender equality. | Link | ||
| Technical guidance on comprehensive risk assessment and planning in the context of climate change | Risk | Guideline | This document assists disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation decision-makers, practitioners and stakeholders in developing more responsive plans and policies. The document provides a framework on how to apply comprehensive risk assessment and planning. It acknowledges that risks in the context of climate change are complex and systemic due to non-linear interactions amongst system components and the need for improved risk governance. The guidance can be contextualised to national and local needs. | Link | ||
| The Adaptation Support Tool | Adaptation | Tool | This is a six-step tool for assisting policy makers at the national level in developing, implementing and monitoring climate change adaptation strategies and plans. It also supports sub-national actors in preparing for, developing, implementing and monitoring and evaluating adaptation strategies. | Link | ||
| The Assessment of Impacts and Risks of Climate Change on Agriculture (AIRCCA) Model | Risk | Agriculture | Tool | Africa | This tool is an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) for producing impact scenarios and risk metrics for the four main Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios. The tool allows decision-makers and stakeholders to conduct global assessments on the climate change impacts on maize, wheat and rice production. | Link |
| The Risk Supplement to the Vulnerability Sourcebook | Risk | Guideline | The Fifth IPCC Assessment Report (AR5) replaced the previous concept of vulnerability with the concept of risk of climate change impacts. This risk concept has been adopted from the approach and practices of risk assessment in the disaster risk reduction community. To bridge the gap between the two concepts, a Risk Supplement (2017) was developed in 2017. This document provides a step-by-step guide on how to implement a vulnerability assessment using the AR5 risk concept. | Link | ||
| ThinkHazard! | Impact | Tool | Global | ThinkHazard! is a tool which enables non-specialists to identify the impacts of climatic disasters on new development projects. It considers the likelihood and severity (low, medium or high) of occurrence of hazards in a specific country, province or district. ThinkHazard! also provides resources on how best to mitigate the identified risks and gives a projected view on how the risks may change in the future. | Link | |
| World Bank Open Data | Gender, Vulnerability | Crops, Economic, Energy, Forestry, Health, Livestock, Natural environment | Data | Global | World Bank Open Data is a database containing relevant information on agriculture and rural development, climate change, education, environment, gender, poverty and social development, amongst other topics, which can be used to understand the vulnerabilities of a chosen country or region to climate change. | Link |
| Ressource name | Theme | Sector | Type | Area | Description | Link |
