Thematic Paper 2 highlights that climate change and biodiversity loss are not separate challenges, but two sides of the same global crisis. It emphasizes the need for coherent and integrated policies that align climate adaptation, mitigation, and biodiversity goals across national planning processes. The paper also explores how science can support decision-making by providing knowledge, tools and methods needed to identify trade-offs, unlock synergies, and guide effective action.

This paper is part of a series aimed at enhancing the understanding and policy uptake of integrated solutions to the climate and biodiversity crises. The Summary Paper and other Thematic Papers can be accessed by clicking on the links below.

• Summary Paper: Synergies Between Biodiversity and Climate Policy Frameworks
• Thematic Paper 1: Linkages and Synergies Between International Instruments on Biodiversity and Climate Change
• Thematic Paper 3: Nature-Based Solutions: An Approach for Joint Implementation of Climate and Biodiversity Commitments
• Thematic Paper 4: Good Governance for Integrated Climate and Biodiversity Policy-Making
• Thematic Paper 5: From National to Local Implementation: A Collaborative, Multi-Level Effort to Achieve Joint Climate and Biodiversity Goals
• Thematic Paper 6: Delivering Financing for Joint Biodiversity and Climate Solutions
• Thematic Paper 7: Synergies for Monitoring and Reporting on Climate and Biodiversity Actions: Global Frameworks and National Opportunities
• Thematic Paper 8: The Role of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities in Contributing to the Achievement of Global Climate and Biodiversity Goals 
• Thematic Paper 9: Enhancing Synergies to Advance Gender-Responsive Approaches Under the CBD and UNFCCC Frameworks 
• Thematic Paper 10: Resources and Platforms for Capacity Building and Development for Climate and Biodiversity Action