Unless countries chose to amend their INDCs before ratifying the Paris Agreement, these documents became their first nationally determined contributions (NDCs). According to Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement all Parties shall, as appropriate, engage in the formulation and implementation of national adaptation planning processes, such as the national adaptation plan (NAP) process. This publication is primarily for policymakers, decision-makers and practitioners who are working on climate change adaptation at a national level (e.g. ministries of environment, climate change focal points,and adaptation and sectoral experts).