• As the negative impacts of climate change are expected to intensify in the near future, Climate Risk Assessment and Management aims at averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage.
• Climate Services (CS) provide decision-makers with customized ready-to-use climate information and products (forecasts or historical trends) to effectively manage climate risk. 

• Economics of Climate Adaptation considers the need to assess the economic impact of climate risks and to develop adaptation options that contribute to economic development and human well-being in a systemic way. 
• Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change  looks at how extreme weather events and gradual changes impact human mobility: migration, (disaster) displacement, as well as planned relocation.
• Mainstreaming of Adaptation systemically includes climate risk and adaptation considerations in decision-making and planning processes. 
• The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process aims to integrate adaptation into development planning and to reduce vulnerability to climate change. As the primary national planning process for adaptation, it can support the implementation of NDC adaptation goals. 

• Agroecology aims at transforming agricultural and food systems towards climate resilience and adaptiveness in order to achieve food security for all. 
• Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA) is the sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. 
• Urban Climate Resilience refers to the ability of an urban system – and its components – to absorb, adapt to, and recover from the various shocks and stresses exacerbated by climate change, while ensuring the well-being of its inhabitants.
• Water-centred climate adaptation aims to strengthen the resilience of water resources, water services and freshwater ecosystems to the impacts of climate change. 

• Climate and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance (CDRFI) aims to increase resilience and provide protection against climate and disaster risks for vulnerable people and communities. 
• Private Sector & Adaptation responds to climate-related economical risks and seizes business opportunities in order to safeguard operations, to strategically create sustainable growth and to increase societal resilience. 
• Adaptation finance plays a crucial role in increasing resilience, especially in developing countries that are often the most affected but have the least resources to cope.

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) helps keeping track of the implementation of adaptation measures and assessing their effectiveness and outcomes. The Paris Agreement encourages “M&E and learning from adaptation plans, policies, programmes and actions” (Article 7.9d).